EDWARD VI
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War
· Suzerainty – Feudal over lordship
· The war with Scotland began well – battle of Pinkie Sep 1547
· Forts are difficult and it is expensive to garrison towns
· Debasement of the coinage raises £537, 000
· Heightened inflation = social distress
· 1549 rebellions
· The war with Scotland began well – battle of Pinkie Sep 1547
· Forts are difficult and it is expensive to garrison towns
· Debasement of the coinage raises £537, 000
· Heightened inflation = social distress
· 1549 rebellions
Privy Council
ConservativesEarl of Arundel
Earl of Southampton Lord Russell Lord St John |
ProtestantLord Paget (neutral)
Earl of Warwick Archbishop Cranmer |
Religion
Catholic Priest's Order of happiness depending on changes in the church:
Catholic and Protestant divide
CatholicBelieved that the Pope is Head of the Church
Services/Bible in Latin Believed in Purgatory (a place where, after death, you would be purified, ready for Heaven.) Believed giving gifts to the church or leaving them in your will could get you through Purgatory more quickly Churches were decorated with gold, candles and statues; priests’ vestments and ceremonies were also elaborate Believed that the priest was chosen by God and “set apart” from the ordinary people Believed that the people only needed to receive the bread at Mass Believed the bread and wine are transformed into the actual body and blood of Christ during the Mass and stop being bread and wine |
ProtestantDid not recognise the Pope (often the monarch is Head of the Church instead)
Services/Bible in English Believed in going straight to Heaven or Hell after death Believed your faith in God was the only important thing in getting into Heaven Decorations, ceremonies and vestments were much plainer Believed that ordinary Christians were as important as the priest Believed that the people should receive both bread and wine (Communion in Both Kinds) Believed that the bread and wine remain as bread and wine |
Different Protestants
Followers of Luther
Believed that the bread and wine stays as bread and wine but becomes the body and blood of Christ as well
Followers of Calvin
Believed that bread and wine do not become body and blood, but that when they eat the bread, Christians are changed inside by God’s power
Followers of Zwingli
Believe the Mass is simply a memorial when Christians remember Jesus’ death
Believed that the bread and wine stays as bread and wine but becomes the body and blood of Christ as well
Followers of Calvin
Believed that bread and wine do not become body and blood, but that when they eat the bread, Christians are changed inside by God’s power
Followers of Zwingli
Believe the Mass is simply a memorial when Christians remember Jesus’ death
(Religion) Reformation
Somerset (1549)English Book of Common Prayer introduced – this was seen by some as only moderately Protestant because it allowed for “Catholic” vestments and used the words “Take, eat, this is my body.” (This angered radical Protestants as it hinted at transubstantiation.)
Chantries abolished- these were chapels built with money left by rich Catholics. In the chantry, priests would pray for them- enabling them to get through Purgatory more quickly. Guilds (groups of ordinary Catholics who had done charitable work in their villages) were also abolished Candles and processions were banned; images, bell-ringing, stained glass and icons (pictures of saints and the Virgin Mary) were condemned. This led to widespread iconoclasm (the destruction of images by mobs) Injunctions issued- these were government orders to implement Protestant changes Visitations (inspections) introduced to check that churches were implementing the changes Elevation of the Host (the holding up of the bread to show the miracle that had occurred) was removed Communion in Both Kinds (ordinary people - not just the priest - receiving both bread and wine) was introduced |
Northumberlad (1552)Removed the words "Take, eat, this is my body" from the prayer book. The only words allowed were "Take this in remembrance that Christ died for thee"- linked to the radical Protestant belief that Communion was just a memorial of Jesus's death.
Made vestments much plainer Removed more elaborate ceremonies from the prayer book and restricted the use of music Rewrote baptism and burial services to make them simpler for ordinary people to understand Removed altars and replaced them with simple communion tables Replaced more moderate bishops with radical Protestants |
Reasons for change:
1. GOVERNMENT
Somerset was a convinced Protestant, whose household included radical Protestants (e.g. Thomas Becon.) Northumberland was also a genuine Protestant, and was influenced by the increasingly radical Cranmer and Bishop Hooper. As Edward grew older, he began to have a greater influence on religious policy- he believed he was the new “Josiah” (the young king in the Bible who destroyed idolatry.)
2. RADICAL ACTION
Radicals such as Bishop Ridley condemned images of saints before it had become official policy- this led to iconoclasm and even more rapid change than the government had intended! Similarly, radicals had started using English services before the publication of the prayer book, and had removed altars before this became official policy.
3. THE ECONOMY
Somerset needed to finance the war with Scotland- the government gained money from seizing chantries and abolishing charitable guilds. Northumberland was also determined to plunder money from the church, especially as he attempted to solve the economic problems caused by Somerset.
4. FEAR
The fear of visitations led to many churches making the changes despite their hostility to Protestantism.
Somerset was a convinced Protestant, whose household included radical Protestants (e.g. Thomas Becon.) Northumberland was also a genuine Protestant, and was influenced by the increasingly radical Cranmer and Bishop Hooper. As Edward grew older, he began to have a greater influence on religious policy- he believed he was the new “Josiah” (the young king in the Bible who destroyed idolatry.)
2. RADICAL ACTION
Radicals such as Bishop Ridley condemned images of saints before it had become official policy- this led to iconoclasm and even more rapid change than the government had intended! Similarly, radicals had started using English services before the publication of the prayer book, and had removed altars before this became official policy.
3. THE ECONOMY
Somerset needed to finance the war with Scotland- the government gained money from seizing chantries and abolishing charitable guilds. Northumberland was also determined to plunder money from the church, especially as he attempted to solve the economic problems caused by Somerset.
4. FEAR
The fear of visitations led to many churches making the changes despite their hostility to Protestantism.
Religious reforms and the effects on the public
Cranmer - Book of Homilies (July 1547)
Somerset and parliament - Repeal of Act of Six Articles (4 Nov – 24 Dec 1547)
Cranmer - First Book of Common Prayer (Dec 1548)
Cranmer - Second Book of Common Prayer (Jan 1552)
Cranmer and government - 42 Articles (24 Nov 1552)
The Second Book of Common Prayer is the most important as it completely removes all catholic references from the services and church books. Ordinary people now listen to radical protestant views.
- Summaries of the sermons were now read out loud by the clergy
- Protestant ideas in the sermons
- Have to do sermons now
Somerset and parliament - Repeal of Act of Six Articles (4 Nov – 24 Dec 1547)
- Without an official doctrine (belief)
- Didn’t make any official change to the services, but there is no clear message – different among churches
Cranmer - First Book of Common Prayer (Dec 1548)
- Manual wrote for sermons so people now had a different church service structure
- In English and allows flexibility
Cranmer - Second Book of Common Prayer (Jan 1552)
- All catholic references are removed from the book – church services are fully reformed
Cranmer and government - 42 Articles (24 Nov 1552)
- Different protestant views become law
- Not really effecting people
The Second Book of Common Prayer is the most important as it completely removes all catholic references from the services and church books. Ordinary people now listen to radical protestant views.
Who as the driving force behind religious change? (?/42)
Edward VI: 10/42
Duke of Northumberland: 5/42
Duke of Somerset: 4/42
Archbishop Cranmer: 7/42
John Hooper: 4/42
The Clergy: 2/42
European Reformers: 4/42
Lack of opposition: 2/42
- Involved in the legislation of second act of uniformity
- Wanted to make everyone attend church
- Against Catholicism and Mary’s succession
- Favoured radical reformers
- Promoted preaching
Duke of Northumberland: 5/42
- More of a politician
- Move to Protestant side by giving Edward more say
- His drive was money
Duke of Somerset: 4/42
- Only led religious change so far as he was restricted by fear
- Would introduce change if the political situation would allow it
Archbishop Cranmer: 7/42
- Believed in the monarch’s role in charge of the church – he followed
- Wrote all of the important books and articles
- Invited over European reformers
John Hooper: 4/42
- Pushed for radical Protestantism – in the favour of Edward and Northumberland
- Radical leader
The Clergy: 2/42
- Protestant bishops wouldn’t guarantee an effective clergy
European Reformers: 4/42
- Put pressure on protestant reforms
- Influenced the Second Book of Common Prayer
Lack of opposition: 2/42
- Governments job for reinforcement was easier
- Greed:
- Acquisition of the church’s wealth
- Somerset and Northumberland gained money from the seizure of Catholic relics
How successful was the Reformation?
Successful
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Unsuccessful
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Rebellions
Western RebellionReasons For
o Restoration – protect what was o Higher tax for enclosed sheep farming o Prayer book (10th June 1549) o Distrust between land owners and peasants (Hatred of William Body) Events During o The guy who was in charge was in Cornwall o Made a list of demands o Hellyons hacked to pieces Response o Local gentry did not put it down in time o Lord Russell was in charge of the Governments response o Lord Grey (supposed reinforcements) delayed due to another uprising o Reinforcements were sent under Sir William Herbert Result o 3000 people were killed o Robert Welsh was killed for being the leader (vicar) o Ed’s reformation was not succeeding (religion) o Somerset blamed for Russell poorly handling it Threat? o Somerset blamed o No threat to Edward o Not in London (in the South West) o No nobility leading it o No resources to move the rebellion Their demands had been
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Kett's RebellionReasons For
o Enclosures o Flowerdew was unpopular o Sheeptax Events During o Robert Kett was a clear leader o 1600 rebels on Mousehold Heath o Rebels set up camp Response o William Parr – 1800 troops o Northampton was sent by the government to supress (only made it worse) o Northumberland (Earl of Warwick at the time) gets an army of 1200 men o 1000 foreign mercenaries Result o 3000 rebels killed o Kett was arrested Threat? o Norwich – second biggest city next to London o No threat to Edward o No nobility o Some resources |
Foreign Policy
1547- Invasion of ScotlandEnforced by:
Motives:
Successes:
Failures:
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1550- Treaty of BoulogneEnforced by:
Motives:
Successes:
Failures:
Comments:
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The Devise
The succession in Henry's will:
The succession as laid out in Henry VIII’s will was:
1. Edward 2. Then Edward’s Children 3. If he died without Children then Mary 4. Then Mary’s Children 5. If she died without children then Elizabeth. 6. Then Elizabeth’s children. Who was responsible for the Devise?
Why did people support Mary?She was the rightful heir and a Tudor
People did not accept the will because it was not legal due to: o It going against Henry’s will and his idea on succession o Edward was too young to make a will o There was not enough time for it to be made law |
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Why did the Devise fail?
· Wasn’t legal
· Not correctly reinforced (Northumberland failed to raise an army quickly)
· Mary’s support
· Jane was not a good leader
· Mary acted like a Queen
· Edward’s death happened too quickly to the Devise being made
· Failed to arrest Mary
· Religious views
· Not correctly reinforced (Northumberland failed to raise an army quickly)
· Mary’s support
· Jane was not a good leader
· Mary acted like a Queen
· Edward’s death happened too quickly to the Devise being made
· Failed to arrest Mary
· Religious views
The Devise Storyboard
Summary
The accession of a minor led to instability?
ü True: Factions
ü False: Economy
The accession of a minor led to weak government?
ü True: factions, rebellions, Somerset fell
ü False: sorted out the rebellions
The religious changes were not accepted:
ü True/False: Depends on where
The problems of the poor and sick were accelerated:
ü True: sheep tax, inflation, vagrancy laws, bad harvest
Edward’s death caused a crisis:
ü True: the Devise, succession, the will
ü True: Factions
ü False: Economy
The accession of a minor led to weak government?
ü True: factions, rebellions, Somerset fell
ü False: sorted out the rebellions
The religious changes were not accepted:
ü True/False: Depends on where
The problems of the poor and sick were accelerated:
ü True: sheep tax, inflation, vagrancy laws, bad harvest
Edward’s death caused a crisis:
ü True: the Devise, succession, the will